Discuss the Origin, Development, and Key Features of Rock-Cut Temple Architecture in India (250 words, 15 marks)

I. Origin and Historical Background:
 

• The origin of rock-cut architecture can be traced back to Buddhist viharas and chaityagrihas (Ajanta, Bhimbetka, Barabar caves).

• During the Maurya period, Ashoka built the Barabar caves (3rd century BCE).

• The Gupta period, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, and Pallava rulers saw further development.
   

II. Major Features:
 

• Temples or caves carved from a single rock.

• Demonstrates high technical skill in architecture.

• Primarily spread across South India (Ellora, Mahabalipuram, Badami, Ajanta).

• Extensive artistic features including pillars, mandapas, sanctum, sculptures, etc.

• Religious diversity – Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu temples.
   

III. Prominent Examples:
 

• Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora – Built by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna I (carved from a massive rock).

• Buddhist caves of Ajanta – Known for their paintings and stupas.

• Rath Temples of Mahabalipuram – Constructed by the Pallava dynasty.
   

IV. Contemporary Influence:
 

• This style is a symbol of the technical skill and religious tolerance in Indian architectural tradition.

• It remains a model source of study for architecture students even today.
  
  
  Read: Rock-Cut Temples in India: A Glimpse into Ancient Architectural Brilliance