What are the causes, symptoms, and risk factors of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)? (15 Marks, 200 Words)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) : Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nervous system, leading to muscle weakness, paralysis, and severe complications. While its exact cause remains unknown, it is often triggered by viral or bacterial infections.

Causes of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS).

1. Immune System Attack

• Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks peripheral nerves.

2. Triggers of GBS

• Often follows viral or bacterial infections such as the flu, Campylobacter jejuni, Epstein-Barr virus, or Zika virus.

• Infections cause inflammation and damage to nerve coverings, impairing signal transmission.

Symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS).

Early Symptoms

✔ Tingling and weakness in the feet and legs, gradually spreading to the upper body and face.
✔ Muscle weakness causing difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or maintaining balance.

Progression of Symptoms

✔ Pain in the limbs, back, or wrists.
✔ Severe cases lead to paralysis of limbs, chest muscles, or the entire body.

Critical Risks in Severe Cases

✔ Respiratory failure and difficulty speaking or swallowing when chest muscles are affected.

Risk Factors of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

1. Demographics

• More common in adults and males, though rare (1-2 per 100,000 population).

2. Recent Infections

• Strong association with gastrointestinal or respiratory infections.

Conclusion

Guillain-Barre Syndrome can be a life-threatening neurological disorder, but early diagnosis and medical care can improve recovery chances.

While the exact cause is unclear, infections play a significant role in triggering the condition. Awareness and early detection are essential in managing GBS effectively.

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