Review the environmental challenges arising due to urbanization and industrialization in India. What measures can be taken towards sustainable development?

Urbanization and Industrialization in India
 

1. Urbanization Trend:

   • In 1951, the urban population in India was 17.3%, which increased to 35% in 2021.

2. Impact of Industrialization:

   • Industrialization has boosted economic growth, but also led to:

     • Increased pollution

     • Overconsumption of natural resources
        

Major Environmental Challenges
 

1. Air and Water Pollution

   • Industrial emissions

   • Carbon emissions from vehicles

   • Discharge of wastewater into water bodies

2. Waste Management

   • Increasing accumulation of solid and plastic waste

   • Contributes to water and land pollution

3. Deforestation and Loss of Biodiversity

   • Expansion of cities and industries results in:

     • Destruction of natural habitats

     • Loss of biodiversity

4. Water Crisis

   • Over-extraction of groundwater

   • Pollution of water sources

5. Climate Change

   • Rising levels of greenhouse gases

   • Leads to temperature increase and weather instability
      

Measures for Sustainable Development
 

1. Use of Clean Energy

   • Promotion of solar and wind energy

   • Reducing dependency on coal

2. Smart City Model

   • Promotion of:

     • Energy-efficient buildings

     • Green transport

     • Waste recycling systems

3. Afforestation and Green Area Development

   • Launching urban forestry and green belt projects

4. Effective Waste Management

   • Plastic ban

   • Waste recycling

   • Use of organic waste for compost or energy

5. Water Conservation Strategies

   • Rainwater harvesting

   • Wastewater recycling

   • Adoption of green building technology
      

Conclusion
 

• Urbanization and industrialization are essential for India’s economic growth, but it is equally important to maintain environmental balance.

• Both the government and citizens must work together and adopt strategies for sustainable development.